Windows 10 will not boot unless I unplug wireless Logitech Mouse USB receiver

yesterday, I updated my Windows 10 x64 Build 1607 installation, and after the updates were finished, I decided to manually reboot. That took me to a black screen with a set of white circles rotating at the lower end of the screen.

This process didn't stop, so after 10 minutes or so I began googling on another computer, finding a possible solution: unplug any USB receivers, and when I tried this with the USB receiver of my Logitech M510 mouse, Windows booted immediately to my desktop. Unbelievable, but I would like to understand why this happens at all, especially regarding the fact that users reported similar behaviours back in 2015 already, so one would assume that Microsoft must have fixed this issue.

Can anybody explain what exactly happens here after the update that causes this very strange behaviour?

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